Where innovation excels, investment follows. Set against high growth of next-generation modalities, pharmaceutical manufacturing is entering one of its most significant strategy crossroads in recent history.
By Christy Eatmon, global subject matter expert, sterile drug products, Thermo Fisher Scientific.
Go deeper with GlobalData
Over the past two years, the pharmaceutical industry has announced a wave of investments in sterile manufacturing and fill-finish capacity, driven by growing demand for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) therapies, biologics, antibody-drug conjugates, and other complex injectable medicines. These investments reflect the industry’s commitment to expanding manufacturing capability and supporting increasingly sophisticated product pipelines.
But manufacturing capability and manufacturing success are not the same thing. The ability to execute a robust manufacturing process depends on decisions made months or even years before a product enters the manufacturing suite.
Long before manufacturing begins, development teams make decisions that influence product recovery, material efficiency, process robustness, technology transfer, and operational flexibility. Development establishes the product and process understanding needed to support reliable manufacturing throughout the product lifecycle.
The shift isn’t defined by a single development milestone. It unfolds gradually as programmes progress, changing the questions development teams are expected to answer, the decisions they support, and the knowledge required for successful manufacturing. Understanding how those priorities evolve helps explain why manufacturing performance is often shaped long before a product reaches the manufacturing suite.
Development questions evolve with the programme
Early development focuses on understanding the molecule and establishing a viable path to the clinic. Teams evaluate formulation options, characterise stability, determine whether terminal sterilisation is feasible, and generate the information needed to support first-in-human studies.
As programmes mature, development priorities expand. Questions about process transfer, filtration performance, hold times, product recovery, process robustness, and validation readiness become increasingly important because they determine whether a process can be executed consistently under GMP conditions.
Development activities evolve accordingly. Formulation work commonly includes Design of Experiments (DoE) to optimise excipient concentrations and select formulations suitable for early clinical studies. Hold-time assessments establish acceptable manufacturing windows under refrigerated and room-temperature conditions. Material compatibility studies evaluate interactions with product-contact surfaces, while terminal sterilisation assessments determine whether aseptic processing will be required.
Each study answers an immediate technical question while contributing to a broader understanding of how the product and process are likely to perform during manufacturing. For novel biologics and new chemical entities, where historical manufacturing knowledge is often limited, these early studies establish assumptions that frequently carry through technology transfer, scale-up, and later-stage manufacturing.
Manufacturing reveals the consequences of development decisions
Many of the challenges encountered during GMP manufacturing originate long before manufacturing begins.
Material efficiency illustrates this well. Clinical batches are frequently produced from limited quantities of valuable drug substance, particularly for biologics. Under these conditions, relatively small losses from filtration, tubing, hold-up volume, sampling, filling operations, and overfill can significantly reduce the amount of product available for clinical supply.
A formulation that performs well in the laboratory may behave differently once it moves into a manufacturing environment. Manufacturing introduces practical considerations that are difficult to fully evaluate during early feasibility work, including product recovery, process yield, manufacturing flexibility, and overall operational efficiency.
Concentration strategy provides a good example. A low-concentration formulation may be selected because it maximises molecular stability. During manufacturing, however, filters or other product-contact materials may adsorb small amounts of product or critical excipients. Combined with routine process losses, these interactions can influence yield, product recovery, and manufacturing efficiency.
Concentration also affects filtration performance, filling efficiency, overfill requirements, and material consumption throughout the manufacturing process. Understanding these relationships during development allows organisations to estimate material requirements more accurately, anticipate manufacturing constraints, and reduce the likelihood of unexpected process changes later in development.
Building knowledge that supports manufacturing
As programmes move toward clinical manufacturing, development activities increasingly focus on defining the operating conditions needed for reliable execution.
Mixing studies evaluate the effects of mechanical agitation on product quality. Pumping studies assess sensitivity to shear. Freeze-thaw studies establish acceptable storage and handling conditions. Filtration studies measure product recovery and evaluate potential binding interactions, while extractables and leachables assessments confirm the suitability of manufacturing materials.
The value of these studies extends beyond answering individual technical questions. Together, they help establish operating ranges, evaluate manufacturing risks, assess the suitability of product-contact materials, and build an understanding of how the product and process are likely to perform under GMP conditions.
That understanding becomes increasingly important as programmes approach technology transfer and validation. Manufacturing teams need more than a defined process. They need to understand why the process performs as it does, which parameters are critical to consistent execution, and where variability is most likely to occur.
Formal risk assessments, including Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), help identify process vulnerabilities before they affect manufacturing performance. Gap assessments completed before technology transfer evaluate differences in equipment, facilities, or operating conditions that could influence process consistency. Together, these activities help reduce uncertainty as programmes move between development laboratories, manufacturing suites, and eventually commercial production.
By this stage, development has become more than a series of technical studies. It has generated the knowledge needed to support informed manufacturing decisions throughout the remainder of the product lifecycle.
Looking ahead
The increasing complexity of sterile medicines has prompted the industry to invest heavily in manufacturing capability. Those investments are essential, but facilities and equipment represent only part of the equation.
Successful manufacturing depends on the quality of the decisions made throughout development. Formulation strategy influences manufacturability and material efficiency. Process characterisation defines the operating conditions needed for consistent execution. Risk assessments and technology transfer activities build confidence that a process can be reproduced across equipment, facilities, and scales.
As development and manufacturing become increasingly interconnected, development teams are being asked to generate more than data to support the next clinical milestone. They are building the product and process understanding that enables reliable manufacturing execution, efficient technology transfer, and future commercial scale-up.
Organisations that recognise this shift are better positioned to conserve valuable drug substance, reduce operational risk, and avoid unnecessary rework as programmes progress.
Ultimately, manufacturing performance reflects the quality of the knowledge generated during development. Development programmes that deliberately build that knowledge from the earliest stages will be better equipped to move efficiently from formulation through clinical manufacturing and, ultimately, commercial production.
